Cancer Trends Progress Report

Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Smoking causes cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon and rectum, anus, as well as acute myeloid leukemia. Altogether it causes approximately 30 percent of all U.S. cancer deaths each year. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2019, almost 182,100 of the estimated 606,880 cancer-related deaths will be caused by cigarette smoking.

The prevalence of adult cigarette smoking in the United States has steadily declined since the first Surgeon General’s Report on the harms of smoking was published in 1964, when smoking prevalence was 42 percent. Currently, according to the 2017 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 14 percent (an estimated 34.3 million adults) of adults still smoke cigarettes. While the prevalence of daily smoking has dropped over time, nondaily smoking has remained relatively stable. Many studies show that there is no safe level of smoking. For example, individuals who smoke as few as one cigarette per day over their lifetime are at a higher risk of smoking-related death than never smokers, according to the Association of Long-term, Low-Intensity Smoking with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study article, published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine.

Besides cigarettes, other forms of tobacco products are also used by U.S. adults. In 2017, the NHIS reported that 9.3 million adults smoked cigars and 5.1 million adults used smokeless tobacco.

A cigar is defined as a roll of tobacco wrapped in leaf tobacco or in a substance that contains tobacco (whereas a cigarette is defined as a roll of tobacco wrapped most often in paper or some other non-tobacco substance). There are three major types of cigars currently sold in the U.S. - large cigars, cigarillos, and little cigars. Little cigars are about the same size as a cigarette and often include a filter. Cigar smoking in the United States has recently been characterized by increasing product diversity, and marketing of these products has been targeted to specific population groups, particularly urban African Americans, which has contributed to an increase in prevalence of their use among adolescents and young adults.

Like cigarette smoke, cigar smoke contains toxic and carcinogenic compounds that are harmful to both smokers and nonsmokers. Cigar smoking causes oral cavity cancers (cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat) and cancers of the larynx (voice box), esophagus, and lung. Gum disease and tooth loss are also linked to cigar smoking, and heavy cigar smokers and those who inhale deeply may further be at increased risk of developing coronary heart disease. Heavy cigar smoking also increases the risk for lung diseases, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which can be risk factors for lung cancer.

Smokeless tobacco is also known as chewing tobacco, spit tobacco, snuff, dip, or snus. Snuff is a finely cut or powdered tobacco that is either placed between the cheek and gum, or sniffed through the nose, respectively. Some moist snuff and all snus come in tea bag-like pouches. Chewing tobacco is used by putting a wad (loose leaves, plug, or twist) of tobacco inside the cheek. Smokeless tobacco can also take the form of dissolvable tobacco (lozenge, film or stick), but this type is not widely distributed in the U.S.

Chewing tobacco and snuff contain at least 28 cancer-causing agents. Use of smokeless tobacco causes oral, esophageal, and pancreatic cancer. Smokeless tobacco also causes serious oral health problems, including gum disease, other non-cancerous oral lesions, and tooth loss, and increases the risk of heart disease.

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) (also called e-cigarettes, vape pens) are battery-operated devices that contain a liquid chemical solution that is heated to produce an inhaled aerosol. The aerosol typically contains propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavorings and has been found to contain potentially harmful substances (including heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, and ultrafine particles) that can be inhaled deeply into the lungs by both users and bystanders. E-cigarettes have been marketed in the U.S. since 2007, but since 2011 their use has risen dramatically among U.S. youth. During 2018, more than 3.6 million U.S. youth, including 1 in 5 high school students and 1 in 20 middle school students, currently used e-cigarettes, and their use among youth was more prevalent than combustible cigarette smoking. E-cigarette aerosol contains nicotine, which is the addictive and potentially-toxic compound found in combustible forms of tobacco like cigarettes and cigars, as well as in smokeless tobacco. Nicotine use among youth increases the risk of lifelong tobacco addiction and can also increase the risk for future addiction to other drugs. E-cigarette use among adults may potentially reduce the health risks associated with cigarette and cigar use if users completely substitute the use of those products with e-cigarettes. Yet, the majority of U.S. adults who use e-cigarettes also smoke combustible cigarettes and are at continued risk for exposure to their toxic and carcinogenic compounds, and subsequent smoking-related morbidity and mortality.